1 00:00:02,000 --> 00:00:07,000 Downloaded from YTS.BZ 2 00:00:04,660 --> 00:00:06,700 My name is Roland Nosek. 3 00:00:07,520 --> 00:00:08,360 I'm 32 years old. 4 00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:13,000 Official YIFY movies site: YTS.BZ 5 00:00:08,720 --> 00:00:11,140 My family is Austrian, but I live in Germany. 6 00:00:12,280 --> 00:00:15,100 I joined the SS at the very beginning of 1940. 7 00:00:16,160 --> 00:00:19,560 I am a spy for the SD, the Nazi intelligence service. 8 00:00:20,460 --> 00:00:23,200 I speak fluent French and English without an accent. 9 00:00:24,160 --> 00:00:26,220 I've been to Paris before the war. 10 00:00:26,900 --> 00:00:28,020 That's why I was sent there. 11 00:00:28,480 --> 00:00:31,000 They call me the most Parisian of Germans. 12 00:00:31,640 --> 00:00:32,960 This is my story. 13 00:01:02,540 --> 00:01:07,220 End of summer 1945, the Second World War is over. 14 00:01:08,440 --> 00:01:12,800 In a French interrogation centre in the Black Forest, the services of the 15 00:01:13,000 --> 00:01:17,300 counter-espionage services debrief a former SS spy and ask him to write 16 00:01:17,500 --> 00:01:20,300 a report on his four years of infiltration of Paris. 17 00:01:21,400 --> 00:01:23,700 The SS is Roland Nosek. 18 00:01:24,080 --> 00:01:26,940 We know that Nosek joined the SD in 1938. 19 00:01:27,400 --> 00:01:29,200 We are certain that he is a national socialist. 20 00:01:29,400 --> 00:01:31,980 He's a Hitler supporter, that's for sure. 21 00:01:32,240 --> 00:01:33,320 He's not a fanatic. 22 00:01:34,000 --> 00:01:38,540 He's quite a pragmatic person and he's sincerely Francophile. 23 00:01:39,640 --> 00:01:44,200 It's thanks to his Francophilia that his superiors send him underground. 24 00:01:44,400 --> 00:01:48,020 to the French capital in the wake of German troops. 25 00:01:48,720 --> 00:01:53,540 I arrived in Paris in June 1940, on the 17th to be exact. 26 00:01:54,160 --> 00:01:58,060 Three days before, on 14 June, our Wehrmacht entered Paris. 27 00:02:03,360 --> 00:02:04,860 10 May 1940. 28 00:02:05,940 --> 00:02:09,260 After eight months of a phoney war, the Germans launch an offensive. 29 00:02:09,460 --> 00:02:12,400 and crushed the French and British troops, 30 00:02:13,060 --> 00:02:15,960 driving them back to the Dunkirk pocket, back to the North Sea. 31 00:02:16,880 --> 00:02:19,370 Five days later, the Germans charge towards the capital. 32 00:02:19,570 --> 00:02:23,580 It's the debacle, the defeat, the exodus. 33 00:02:24,860 --> 00:02:27,580 On the evening of 13 June, the Germans are at the gates of Paris. 34 00:02:28,220 --> 00:02:31,820 The American ambassador William Bullitt will negotiate on behalf of France. 35 00:02:32,020 --> 00:02:33,460 the arrival of the occupying forces. 36 00:02:33,720 --> 00:02:38,120 Paul Reynaud, who is President of the Council, calls Bullitt and tells him that he 37 00:02:38,320 --> 00:02:44,480 is authorised to warn the Germans that Paris has been declared an open city 38 00:02:44,680 --> 00:02:49,200 and to try to ensure as little destruction as possible. 39 00:02:49,400 --> 00:02:54,280 So Bullitt is driving around Paris with his car and his American banner. 40 00:02:54,480 --> 00:02:55,240 totally empty. 41 00:02:56,640 --> 00:03:02,140 He asks, for reasons of safety of the entry into Paris, that the Germans 42 00:03:02,340 --> 00:03:03,840 to wait until the 14th. 43 00:03:06,800 --> 00:03:07,560 The occupant enters. 44 00:03:07,760 --> 00:03:08,520 He is coming from the north. 45 00:03:08,720 --> 00:03:12,220 It's a kind of fog in Paris, chemical fog, we don't know 46 00:03:12,420 --> 00:03:13,180 why. 47 00:03:13,420 --> 00:03:17,880 And the occupier, in half a day, settles in Paris. 48 00:03:19,380 --> 00:03:20,420 Four o'clock in the morning. 49 00:03:20,700 --> 00:03:23,150 The first German soldier crosses the Place Voltaire on a motorbike. 50 00:03:23,350 --> 00:03:26,120 A group of soldiers storms the East and North railway stations. 51 00:03:26,440 --> 00:03:29,120 At eight o'clock another group moves into the Hotel de Crillon. 52 00:03:29,560 --> 00:03:34,820 The Germans move into the Crillon which is the former seat of the delegation. 53 00:03:35,020 --> 00:03:38,060 American delegation for the Versailles treaty negotiations. 54 00:03:38,320 --> 00:03:40,340 They're playing with symbols because the Crillon is closed. 55 00:03:41,100 --> 00:03:45,160 The police commissioner from the eighth floor arrives and tries to open the door. 56 00:03:45,680 --> 00:03:47,080 There are chains, he can't get in. 57 00:03:47,340 --> 00:03:51,840 We tell him: "Either you open in 20 minutes or you don't". 58 00:03:52,940 --> 00:03:55,480 At 8:30 a.m., motorbikes go up the Champs-Élysées. 59 00:03:56,240 --> 00:03:59,580 At 9 o'clock, at the Invalides, people demand the return of the banners. 60 00:03:59,780 --> 00:04:02,820 of 14-18 and the first swastika is raised. 61 00:04:03,580 --> 00:04:05,180 The staff is in the centre. 62 00:04:05,620 --> 00:04:08,140 On the left bank is the Luftwaffe headquarters. 63 00:04:08,420 --> 00:04:09,180 So, in the Senate. 64 00:04:09,440 --> 00:04:14,780 On the right bank, we have the staff of the Wehrmacht, the army, 65 00:04:15,780 --> 00:04:17,820 who stay at the Raphaël and work at the Majestic. 66 00:04:18,280 --> 00:04:22,960 The troupe is in the suburbs and what's fascinating is that at noon, 67 00:04:23,520 --> 00:04:25,460 everyone is in their place. 68 00:04:26,960 --> 00:04:28,120 The Nazis are installed. 69 00:04:28,880 --> 00:04:30,380 The clocks go back to German time. 70 00:04:31,100 --> 00:04:32,340 There's nobody in the streets. 71 00:04:32,640 --> 00:04:33,400 No more cars. 72 00:04:33,600 --> 00:04:35,860 Silence everywhere. 73 00:04:38,980 --> 00:04:40,000 Paris is almost empty. 74 00:04:40,420 --> 00:04:44,100 Nearly a million inhabitants have fled, barely 800,000 Parisians are still here. 75 00:04:44,860 --> 00:04:48,320 Only the poorest remain, who watch the troops pass by with curiosity. 76 00:04:48,660 --> 00:04:52,360 Those who remain are the concierge of a building, the herringwoman of Les Halles. 77 00:04:52,560 --> 00:04:53,380 Everyone has fled. 78 00:04:54,520 --> 00:04:59,640 On 17 June, Himmler sends a commando of 20 SS dressed as military policemen. 79 00:05:00,360 --> 00:05:01,500 Roland Nosek is one of them. 80 00:05:02,880 --> 00:05:07,140 There is a very small core of the SS which is called the Sipo SD. 81 00:05:07,340 --> 00:05:09,360 The Gestapo is often used for everything. 82 00:05:09,700 --> 00:05:14,480 The Gestapo is just a branch of the Sipo SD, the intelligence service. 83 00:05:14,680 --> 00:05:19,340 It's not a police organization, it's an organization that is responsible in 84 00:05:19,540 --> 00:05:23,300 to monitor political opponents of the National Socialist regime. 85 00:05:24,000 --> 00:05:26,640 and, more generally, to provide political intelligence, 86 00:05:26,840 --> 00:05:33,120 that is, to try to take the pulse of public opinion and to anticipate 87 00:05:33,320 --> 00:05:36,280 political developments in the country. 88 00:05:36,520 --> 00:05:41,280 Until June 42, this commando of the Sipo SD, its essential functions, 89 00:05:41,480 --> 00:05:45,840 in principle are simply intelligence and surveillance of the enemies of the 90 00:05:46,040 --> 00:05:49,840 Reich, i.e. the Jews, the Communists, but also the churches. 91 00:05:50,300 --> 00:05:52,960 All those who are the designated enemies of the Nazi regime. 92 00:05:54,580 --> 00:05:58,200 We had to work unofficially in the beginning to occupy the field 93 00:05:58,400 --> 00:05:59,160 against the Wehrmacht. 94 00:06:00,180 --> 00:06:03,900 The SS were all housed at the Hotel du Louvre and then at the Hotel Scribe. 95 00:06:05,460 --> 00:06:08,820 My team and I stayed at the Hotel Boccador near the Champs-Élysées. 96 00:06:13,220 --> 00:06:16,500 It's in the Parisian palaces that the maintenance services are set up 97 00:06:16,700 --> 00:06:17,460 in Paris. 98 00:06:17,860 --> 00:06:20,960 The military high command moves to the Majestic on Avenue Kléber, 99 00:06:21,440 --> 00:06:22,460 today the Peninsula. 100 00:06:23,360 --> 00:06:26,900 The Majestic Hotel will be the headquarters for the entire Occupation, 101 00:06:27,100 --> 00:06:29,260 of the German military command in France. 102 00:06:29,540 --> 00:06:31,260 There are two staffs here. 103 00:06:31,460 --> 00:06:34,840 There is a military staff that deals with security issues in the broadest sense, 104 00:06:35,080 --> 00:06:40,260 and an administrative staff which is supposed to look after the supervision of 105 00:06:40,460 --> 00:06:43,860 the French administration and the economic exploitation of the country. 106 00:06:44,980 --> 00:06:48,780 The Abwehr, the military secret service, invests the Lutetia. 107 00:06:49,780 --> 00:06:53,080 The Nazis requisition the hotels on avenue Foch or the Lutetia. 108 00:06:53,280 --> 00:06:56,020 flats on boulevard Lannes and in the 16th arrondissement. 109 00:06:57,300 --> 00:07:00,320 If the swastika is everywhere, every department, sometimes a competitor, 110 00:07:00,660 --> 00:07:01,420 has its own codes. 111 00:07:03,000 --> 00:07:06,360 We could look at the Occupation and the Collaboration from the point of view of colour. 112 00:07:06,980 --> 00:07:10,940 The Gestapo is in black, the Order in black; the militia will be in black; 113 00:07:11,400 --> 00:07:13,380 the Brown Shirts are black shirts. 114 00:07:13,580 --> 00:07:16,740 You see someone dressed in black, you know very well what department he belongs. 115 00:07:16,920 --> 00:07:18,640 At the beginning, the Gestapo is in the minority. 116 00:07:18,840 --> 00:07:21,340 The Wehrmacht is in charge and in command. 117 00:07:21,680 --> 00:07:25,680 They are in verdigris, a kind of not very nice green by the way, 118 00:07:26,160 --> 00:07:26,920 the green of the army. 119 00:07:27,860 --> 00:07:32,200 Around October 1940, we moved to 11 boulevard Flandrin. 120 00:07:32,440 --> 00:07:35,880 My mission was to penetrate all French circles and recruit 121 00:07:36,080 --> 00:07:39,300 agents who would provide us with regular information concerning the 122 00:07:39,500 --> 00:07:41,520 daily life and political circles in Paris. 123 00:07:45,080 --> 00:07:49,800 In just a few days, Paris is put to the test and becomes operational for the 124 00:07:50,000 --> 00:07:50,760 Germans. 125 00:07:51,560 --> 00:07:56,720 How is it that tens of thousands of occupants arrived 126 00:07:56,920 --> 00:07:59,040 so easily? 127 00:07:59,240 --> 00:08:01,540 It was all planned a long time ago. 128 00:08:02,080 --> 00:08:04,640 But the important thing is that it was planned at least three years ago. 129 00:08:04,860 --> 00:08:07,540 The war was prepared from 1935 onwards on the German side. 130 00:08:08,500 --> 00:08:14,180 The big question in June 1940 is: Who can come to France? 131 00:08:14,380 --> 00:08:15,940 Who is going to settle there? 132 00:08:16,140 --> 00:08:22,280 The plans for the Paris land registry were on sale freely and anyone could 133 00:08:22,480 --> 00:08:23,400 buy the plans. 134 00:08:23,920 --> 00:08:26,280 I don't think the secret service would have missed it. 135 00:08:27,280 --> 00:08:31,920 What's very interesting is that the requisitioned dwellings are not 136 00:08:32,120 --> 00:08:33,680 of course not by chance. 137 00:08:34,160 --> 00:08:35,980 The occupant has a taste for luxury. 138 00:08:36,180 --> 00:08:38,920 He likes Haussmann buildings, private mansions, 139 00:08:39,140 --> 00:08:41,860 but especially a fire escape. 140 00:08:42,140 --> 00:08:44,680 The more important the person: two emergency exits. 141 00:08:45,380 --> 00:08:49,440 For Nazi Germany, occupying Paris is also synonymous with symbolic crushing. 142 00:08:49,640 --> 00:08:51,760 of France, the hereditary enemy. 143 00:08:52,620 --> 00:08:54,020 It's a shock for the whole world. 144 00:08:54,720 --> 00:08:56,940 It's a real worldwide emotion. 145 00:08:57,280 --> 00:09:00,700 The world press sees the end of the City of Light. 146 00:09:01,640 --> 00:09:07,440 A Chilean newspaper says: "The Nazis have turned out the light of 147 00:09:07,640 --> 00:09:13,100 civilization by taking Paris, but the City of Light will be reborn one day." 148 00:09:14,420 --> 00:09:17,840 You have to see what a shock it was for the world and a humiliation for 149 00:09:18,040 --> 00:09:18,800 the French. 150 00:09:19,000 --> 00:09:23,800 It was a huge trauma for the French and it still is, 151 00:09:24,000 --> 00:09:24,760 I think. 152 00:09:25,040 --> 00:09:26,020 But for the world. 153 00:09:26,760 --> 00:09:29,860 France was almost wiped off the map politically. 154 00:09:30,620 --> 00:09:34,280 There is a state of shock at seeing Germans in the street, 155 00:09:34,700 --> 00:09:37,700 Nazi flags and signs. 156 00:09:38,460 --> 00:09:40,400 The country no longer exists. 157 00:09:40,600 --> 00:09:45,060 You have to imagine what it's like, it's unheard of as a psychological shock. 158 00:09:45,800 --> 00:09:46,780 It's revenge. 159 00:09:47,360 --> 00:09:49,680 And revenge is a feeling that Hitler knows well. 160 00:09:50,060 --> 00:09:52,160 He too has long dreamed of coming to Paris. 161 00:09:53,000 --> 00:09:56,300 All of a sudden, someone arranges a whirlwind visit for him from Belgium. 162 00:09:56,740 --> 00:09:58,880 A visit whose date has often been debated. 163 00:09:59,620 --> 00:10:02,980 On 28 June, on the anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Versailles? 164 00:10:04,020 --> 00:10:05,680 Now everything fits. 165 00:10:05,740 --> 00:10:07,180 We know it was on the 23rd. 166 00:10:07,260 --> 00:10:14,940 On a Sunday morning, a beautiful summer day, Hitler arrives at Le Bourget. 167 00:10:15,340 --> 00:10:19,500 He is in a private plane with his close guard. 168 00:10:20,200 --> 00:10:25,260 Paris - and it was clear to Hitler -, was an impressive city, 169 00:10:26,240 --> 00:10:28,440 as a symbol of the rich past of the West. 170 00:10:30,200 --> 00:10:35,800 And Paris represented, from his point of view, much more than Warsaw, 171 00:10:36,000 --> 00:10:38,700 Leningrad or any other city in the East. 172 00:10:41,880 --> 00:10:43,720 He is no longer held back by joy. 173 00:10:44,340 --> 00:10:47,840 It's a symbol and the consecration of victory. 174 00:10:49,520 --> 00:10:54,200 He's in his open car, that famous armoured Mercedes-Benz, 175 00:10:54,760 --> 00:10:55,820 and he's not going unnoticed. 176 00:10:58,600 --> 00:11:04,300 He asks for a tour of the most grand monuments, asks to see the Opera House. 177 00:11:04,500 --> 00:11:08,840 There's this famous news photo where we see the swallows - we used to call them 178 00:11:09,040 --> 00:11:11,920 the policemen with their big swallow-like skulls - which 179 00:11:12,120 --> 00:11:13,180 the military salute. 180 00:11:14,540 --> 00:11:19,520 He goes of course to the Invalides to pay his respects for a moment in front of Napoleon's tomb. 181 00:11:20,020 --> 00:11:26,040 He goes to the Pantheon and walks down Boulevard Saint-Michel. 182 00:11:26,240 --> 00:11:27,380 He gets caught again at the bottom. 183 00:11:27,880 --> 00:11:29,940 At a quarter past eight, he has finished his visit and leaves. 184 00:11:39,360 --> 00:11:42,760 The photo of Hitler in front of the Eiffel Tower will go around the world. 185 00:11:43,080 --> 00:11:45,740 This news will spread like wildfire. 186 00:11:46,880 --> 00:11:51,780 Eva Braun had a picture of her Hitler with the tower on her bedside table. 187 00:11:51,980 --> 00:11:52,860 Eiffel Tower at the back. 188 00:11:57,340 --> 00:12:01,700 Hitler's whirlwind visit was not primarily for propaganda purposes. 189 00:12:03,700 --> 00:12:07,680 Hitler was very interested in the history of the Parisian heritage that he knew. 190 00:12:07,880 --> 00:12:08,720 quite well. 191 00:12:10,000 --> 00:12:12,640 There was a serious ulterior motive behind this. 192 00:12:13,980 --> 00:12:17,820 In fact, after the war he wanted to rebuild Berlin into a city again. 193 00:12:18,020 --> 00:12:21,580 more prestigious and more pompous than Paris was at that time. 194 00:12:24,820 --> 00:12:28,720 Hitler spent the happiest day of his life as a tourist in Paris. 195 00:12:29,480 --> 00:12:30,500 He never came back. 196 00:12:32,920 --> 00:12:38,180 In the summer of 1940, the Parisians who stayed or came back were no longer 197 00:12:38,380 --> 00:12:39,140 more or less resigned. 198 00:12:39,720 --> 00:12:42,600 Daily life is slowly returning to more or less normal, 199 00:12:43,620 --> 00:12:47,040 except that everywhere we go, we see soldiers in uniform. 200 00:12:47,920 --> 00:12:52,580 It was a conscript army that represented a fairly accurate picture of 201 00:12:52,780 --> 00:12:56,900 German society in all its diversity and all its age groups. 202 00:12:57,760 --> 00:13:03,480 The type of soldier still present in 1943 and 1944 is quite different from the one 203 00:13:03,680 --> 00:13:05,240 who arrives in 1940. 204 00:13:06,000 --> 00:13:11,140 By 1943-1944, they're not at all the athletic, pleasant young soldiers. 205 00:13:11,340 --> 00:13:12,140 to look at from 40. 206 00:13:12,440 --> 00:13:17,640 They're quite old, sometimes wounded, and they're men sent here because 207 00:13:17,660 --> 00:13:19,300 they can't be used at the front any more. 208 00:13:20,680 --> 00:13:24,440 The Russian front was extremely difficult for the soldiers. 209 00:13:24,900 --> 00:13:27,440 It was rather nice to have a permission to Paris. 210 00:13:27,640 --> 00:13:31,900 There was even this formula: "For everyone, at least once in Paris". 211 00:13:32,200 --> 00:13:36,220 They were arriving in an incredibly interesting city that they would never have seen before. 212 00:13:36,420 --> 00:13:40,180 from a German point of view, 213 00:13:40,540 --> 00:13:42,580 in a city that was not at war. 214 00:13:45,120 --> 00:13:48,580 In my department, I recruited Germans who lived in France, 215 00:13:48,960 --> 00:13:50,880 Luxembourgers, one or two Frenchmen. 216 00:13:52,060 --> 00:13:54,200 The typists or translators were from Germany. 217 00:13:55,120 --> 00:13:58,040 No one wore a uniform and all spoke French without an accent. 218 00:13:59,460 --> 00:14:01,740 In the beginning, I didn't have any specific guidelines. 219 00:14:02,200 --> 00:14:05,040 I took the opportunity to start finding my first personal contacts. 220 00:14:07,860 --> 00:14:11,340 For Roland Nosek, Paris becomes the playground for civilian intelligence. 221 00:14:12,020 --> 00:14:15,860 The status of the city wanted by Hitler, as opposed to that of a garrison town, 222 00:14:16,440 --> 00:14:17,680 makes it easier to infiltrate. 223 00:14:18,220 --> 00:14:20,660 Everything is done on the German side to join forces with the Parisians. 224 00:14:21,860 --> 00:14:25,840 The instructions given to the army were to behave properly. 225 00:14:27,660 --> 00:14:30,320 Paris is going to be the City of Light, the city of pleasure. 226 00:14:30,520 --> 00:14:31,740 It's going to be a showcase. 227 00:14:31,940 --> 00:14:35,180 A tourist showcase, but not a centre of power. 228 00:14:37,080 --> 00:14:40,680 For Germans, wherever they are in the war, think of Paris, 229 00:14:40,940 --> 00:14:43,220 is the promise of a week of military tourism. 230 00:14:43,800 --> 00:14:45,300 It's the place to be. 231 00:14:46,680 --> 00:14:52,280 It's the symbol of an art of living and of the gentle French way of life. 232 00:14:52,840 --> 00:14:58,900 We have this German expression: "Glücklich wie Gott in Frankreich", 233 00:14:59,140 --> 00:15:01,200 happy as God in France. 234 00:15:01,400 --> 00:15:02,680 And a place of pleasure, of course. 235 00:15:02,740 --> 00:15:03,920 That's what we're thinking about. 236 00:15:04,680 --> 00:15:05,980 The Parisian brothel. 237 00:15:06,500 --> 00:15:08,900 A staple of the German collective imagination. 238 00:15:09,600 --> 00:15:13,340 With the Occupation, Paris became the rst destination for sex tourism 239 00:15:13,540 --> 00:15:16,100 in history, where vice takes precedence over virtue. 240 00:15:17,940 --> 00:15:20,700 There were also cities in Germany for sexual escapades. 241 00:15:21,400 --> 00:15:23,740 Berlin in the 20s, it can be compared to Paris. 242 00:15:24,900 --> 00:15:28,120 But the Berlin of the 30s, especially from 1933 on, 243 00:15:28,680 --> 00:15:29,740 it's not like that anymore. 244 00:15:31,060 --> 00:15:35,120 Although there are still some opportunities for original sexual adventures, 245 00:15:35,660 --> 00:15:41,870 nothing to compare with what we found in Paris. 246 00:15:42,070 --> 00:15:44,680 Like here, rue Blondel, in the second arrondissement. 247 00:15:45,000 --> 00:15:45,760 Aux Belles Poules. 248 00:15:46,240 --> 00:15:49,260 A brothel, symbol of the fantasy of war. 249 00:15:52,840 --> 00:15:57,460 During the war, German officers had a whole panel of young women 250 00:15:57,620 --> 00:15:59,280 who were made available to them. 251 00:15:59,460 --> 00:16:03,680 They were sitting on red banquettes all around the room. 252 00:16:03,900 --> 00:16:05,942 It's in this place, in this living room, 253 00:16:05,942 --> 00:16:09,460 that they were choosing the girls they liked best. 254 00:16:13,000 --> 00:16:20,080 Of the 180 brothels in Paris in 1940, 40 were requisitioned for the Wehrmacht. 255 00:16:20,820 --> 00:16:28,560 Five or six exclusively for officers, SS cadres, and French collaborators. 256 00:16:32,600 --> 00:16:36,900 It was a very social place, we didn't just do sexual services. 257 00:16:37,100 --> 00:16:39,560 We come here for drinks and dinner. 258 00:16:40,060 --> 00:16:44,120 In the end, the girls' performances are just incidental to the evening. 259 00:16:47,640 --> 00:16:50,860 Of course, those who frequented the brothels back home in Germany, 260 00:16:51,420 --> 00:16:54,640 party cadres or senior officers had never seen that. 261 00:16:56,980 --> 00:17:00,120 The SS goes to Chabanais instead, Göring is at Chabanais, 262 00:17:00,780 --> 00:17:01,820 there is the Sphinx... 263 00:17:02,400 --> 00:17:03,940 There are a lot of brothels. 264 00:17:04,140 --> 00:17:07,520 They're big meeting places for Franco-German and French Gestapo. 265 00:17:08,760 --> 00:17:11,740 The Belles Poules' speciality was tableaux vivants. 266 00:17:12,080 --> 00:17:15,040 The women put themselves on stage like in famous paintings. 267 00:17:15,600 --> 00:17:19,180 With the mirrors, it allowed the customers to see them 268 00:17:19,380 --> 00:17:23,880 from every angle, so they could go upstairs and do the services. 269 00:17:24,080 --> 00:17:25,040 much more sexual. 270 00:17:25,540 --> 00:17:31,360 Anybody going into a house close has to fill out a card with the name, 271 00:17:31,640 --> 00:17:35,920 his name, the name of the prostitute, the date of the report and is given 272 00:17:36,120 --> 00:17:40,060 a condom called ein Pariser, a Parisian. 273 00:17:40,400 --> 00:17:42,260 There was nothing erotic about it any more. 274 00:17:42,740 --> 00:17:44,720 There was nothing left but pure bureaucracy. 275 00:17:47,860 --> 00:17:48,620 Bureaucracy. 276 00:17:48,960 --> 00:17:52,400 The most effective German weapon for administering France and bringing it under control. 277 00:17:52,600 --> 00:17:55,880 not with the complicity of a part of the French and its elites. 278 00:17:57,460 --> 00:18:01,700 After the armistice was signed on 22 June 1940, on 10 July, 279 00:18:02,180 --> 00:18:05,720 the Vichy regime, headed by Marshal Pétain and Pierre Laval, 280 00:18:06,220 --> 00:18:08,200 opted for collaboration. 281 00:18:10,320 --> 00:18:14,540 The Germans install loudspeakers in every square in Paris. 282 00:18:15,100 --> 00:18:18,040 People are not surprised that they have asked for an armistice, 283 00:18:18,240 --> 00:18:22,760 but very shocked that they didn't announce that they were going to Africa 284 00:18:22,960 --> 00:18:27,860 or England as the Dutch and British 285 00:18:28,060 --> 00:18:28,820 governments said. 286 00:18:29,020 --> 00:18:31,580 France is the only defeated country to sign the armistice. 287 00:18:31,920 --> 00:18:34,000 The other countries have signed capitulations. 288 00:18:34,920 --> 00:18:37,520 For the Nazis, the choice of Pétain is a godsend. 289 00:18:38,960 --> 00:18:40,880 Pétain is the winner of Verdun. 290 00:18:41,000 --> 00:18:42,320 Are you more French than he is? 291 00:18:42,720 --> 00:18:43,960 That's the best formula. 292 00:18:44,400 --> 00:18:49,000 That's Vichy for Hitler, that allows him to occupy France more cheaply. 293 00:18:49,200 --> 00:18:52,120 That's what Hitler explained to Mussolini on 18 June 1940. 294 00:18:52,380 --> 00:18:56,640 He demands Nice, Savoy, an occupation and Hitler says : 295 00:18:56,840 --> 00:18:57,600 "No, not at all. 296 00:18:57,800 --> 00:18:59,180 You haven't understood a thing. 297 00:18:59,600 --> 00:19:01,120 What I need is Marshal Pétain. 298 00:19:01,420 --> 00:19:06,980 I want a real regime accepted by the French, admired by the French so that I 299 00:19:07,180 --> 00:19:08,760 can govern without problems". 300 00:19:08,960 --> 00:19:11,340 On the German side, collaboration, is to make war, 301 00:19:11,980 --> 00:19:17,160 to better exploit a country and not to have to maintain order since 302 00:19:17,360 --> 00:19:18,800 it's the French who do it. 303 00:19:19,320 --> 00:19:25,020 We need a government on the spot that takes care of the tasks that are negative to the eyes 304 00:19:25,220 --> 00:19:25,980 of the population. 305 00:19:26,020 --> 00:19:27,840 They bear the responsibility and not us. 306 00:19:27,900 --> 00:19:30,540 We're the ones who impose them, they're the ones who do it, and the people 307 00:19:30,740 --> 00:19:32,000 turn to their government. 308 00:19:32,360 --> 00:19:35,880 For some French business and political circles, this collaboration 309 00:19:36,080 --> 00:19:37,380 is a gamble for the future. 310 00:19:38,320 --> 00:19:44,660 Pierre Laval made a diagnosis: Europe is definitively Nazi and 311 00:19:44,860 --> 00:19:52,200 you have to get along with the Nazis, then perhaps soften all 312 00:19:52,400 --> 00:19:55,860 that we can't stand in Nazism. 313 00:19:56,380 --> 00:19:57,260 Civilize them a bit. 314 00:19:57,680 --> 00:19:59,120 If we cooperate, we are no longer defeated. 315 00:20:00,000 --> 00:20:08,120 If we cooperate, we may be able to obtain a favourable peace treaty in the future, 316 00:20:08,320 --> 00:20:10,300 once all of Europe is Nazi. 317 00:20:10,900 --> 00:20:15,460 It aspires to one thing only, to become the best province of a 318 00:20:15,660 --> 00:20:16,540 Nazi Europe. 319 00:20:17,880 --> 00:20:23,000 Meanwhile, Roland Nosek, the SS spy, is advancing his pawns and recruiting. 320 00:20:25,820 --> 00:20:29,620 My network has grown thanks to the Frenchmen who have been working for us since 321 00:20:29,820 --> 00:20:30,580 the first day. 322 00:20:31,220 --> 00:20:34,840 One of my informants introduced me to a few people, including some 323 00:20:35,040 --> 00:20:36,320 French air force officers. 324 00:20:36,520 --> 00:20:39,080 In particular to an aviator, Albert Gaveau. 325 00:20:39,880 --> 00:20:42,640 He gives me information about a resistance group. 326 00:20:43,480 --> 00:20:47,400 The headquarters is at the Musée de l'Homme and a certain Weil-Curiel was my first contact. 327 00:20:47,600 --> 00:20:48,360 track. 328 00:20:50,960 --> 00:20:56,840 This whole thing started on 11 November 1940, the first 11 November 329 00:20:57,040 --> 00:20:57,800 of the Occupation. 330 00:20:58,220 --> 00:21:00,400 All patriotic demonstrations are forbidden. 331 00:21:01,040 --> 00:21:03,840 Yet 5,000 people are coming to demonstrate. 332 00:21:04,500 --> 00:21:08,300 Most of them are students, universities and teachers. 333 00:21:08,900 --> 00:21:11,360 The rallying point, the Arc de Triomphe. 334 00:21:12,260 --> 00:21:17,460 At dawn, two young lawyers, Léon-Maurice Nordmann and André Weil-Curiel, 335 00:21:18,280 --> 00:21:22,820 laid a wreath at the foot of the statue of Clemenceau and a large map, 336 00:21:23,020 --> 00:21:27,480 as if General de Gaulle had laid it, saying: "General de Gaulle, 337 00:21:27,680 --> 00:21:28,700 to the father of victory". 338 00:21:28,960 --> 00:21:32,000 In homage to Clemenceau, so a reference to victory. 339 00:21:33,360 --> 00:21:37,160 It begins as a beautiful demonstration of solidarity and refusal, 340 00:21:37,360 --> 00:21:39,600 in any case, to submit to the order of the occupier. 341 00:21:40,100 --> 00:21:42,020 It still ends in violence. 342 00:21:42,300 --> 00:21:46,860 There are stops, arrests and injuries. 343 00:21:47,780 --> 00:21:51,460 It turns out that André Weil-Curiel, one of the leaders of the demonstration, 344 00:21:52,280 --> 00:21:54,840 is friends with intellectuals who work at the Musée de l'Homme. 345 00:21:55,860 --> 00:21:58,380 Heading for the ethnographic museum at the Trocadero. 346 00:21:59,500 --> 00:22:04,260 It was here, among other places, that in 1940 in Paris, women and men decided 347 00:22:04,460 --> 00:22:07,180 to do something and entered the resistance. 348 00:22:08,200 --> 00:22:12,600 This was the birthplace of an organization which after the war would be called the network 349 00:22:12,800 --> 00:22:13,780 of the Musée de l'Homme. 350 00:22:21,860 --> 00:22:25,600 We're in one of the exhibition galleries at the museum. 351 00:22:26,940 --> 00:22:34,660 This is a museum that was inaugurated in 1938, a museum at the cutting edge of modernity, 352 00:22:34,860 --> 00:22:41,280 and which quite clearly affirms a certain number of values from the outset that go, 353 00:22:41,480 --> 00:22:48,920 for example, completely contrary to National Socialist science and 354 00:22:49,120 --> 00:22:52,460 of the idea of a hierarchy of races, immutable, and so on. 355 00:22:52,700 --> 00:22:54,740 This is a much more progressive view. 356 00:22:54,900 --> 00:23:01,220 At the end of the 30s, ethnologists, anthropologists and linguists 357 00:23:01,420 --> 00:23:03,500 work together at the museum. 358 00:23:03,700 --> 00:23:07,680 What they have in common is a very early commitment to anti-fascism and to 359 00:23:07,880 --> 00:23:08,920 the left of the Popular Front. 360 00:23:09,860 --> 00:23:12,395 The beginnings of the Resistance, you shouldn't imagine 361 00:23:12,395 --> 00:23:14,240 extremely spectacular actions. 362 00:23:14,440 --> 00:23:17,900 We're not in an armed resistance and we're not derailing trains, 363 00:23:18,000 --> 00:23:18,860 that's not it at all. 364 00:23:20,020 --> 00:23:22,560 The first question the pioneers of the Resistance ask themselves is : 365 00:23:22,760 --> 00:23:24,080 What can we do? 366 00:23:24,280 --> 00:23:25,960 What can we do? 367 00:23:26,160 --> 00:23:29,460 The peculiarity of the organization that is being created at the Musée de l'Homme, 368 00:23:29,660 --> 00:23:31,600 is the major presence of women. 369 00:23:32,600 --> 00:23:36,560 Germaine Tillion, who belongs to another group, but who comes to prepare 370 00:23:36,600 --> 00:23:37,760 her thesis at the museum. 371 00:23:38,220 --> 00:23:40,680 Agnès Humbert working in another museum. 372 00:23:41,260 --> 00:23:44,840 Yvonne Oddon, central pivot, who reigns over the library. 373 00:23:46,960 --> 00:23:48,860 Yvonne Oddon is the librarian of the Musée de l'Homme. 374 00:23:49,220 --> 00:23:50,100 She works here. 375 00:23:51,040 --> 00:23:57,100 Very soon people who had been mobilized will return to the Museum of Man. 376 00:23:57,380 --> 00:24:00,780 In particular, two people who need to be talked about immediately, 377 00:24:00,980 --> 00:24:05,620 Boris Vildé who is a linguist, and another very important character 378 00:24:05,820 --> 00:24:06,880 who is Anatole Levitsky. 379 00:24:07,400 --> 00:24:14,980 These three, this trio, got together again in the summer of 1940 and would meet often 380 00:24:15,720 --> 00:24:16,480 in the library. 381 00:24:17,140 --> 00:24:22,360 The library is going to become a sort of centre of these emerging activities 382 00:24:22,560 --> 00:24:23,340 of the Resistance. 383 00:24:24,760 --> 00:24:29,700 Yvonne Oddon, she's the one who receives people, who refers and who collects a certain amount of information. 384 00:24:29,900 --> 00:24:32,200 information that will be centralized here. 385 00:24:32,980 --> 00:24:36,230 It's around this core that things are created. 386 00:24:36,430 --> 00:24:38,940 Obviously, the library plays a very important role. 387 00:24:41,140 --> 00:24:44,240 At the beginning, it's little things, inscriptions, butterflies. 388 00:24:44,720 --> 00:24:49,880 Then, leaflets that already require more thought and more resources. 389 00:24:50,560 --> 00:24:54,460 Of course, at the end of the chain, the first underground sheets, 390 00:24:54,860 --> 00:25:00,340 that is to say, to have a voice heard that is not the voice of propaganda 391 00:25:00,540 --> 00:25:01,820 or Vichy propaganda. 392 00:25:03,460 --> 00:25:07,800 From autumn 1940 onwards, a sort of... 393 00:25:08,920 --> 00:25:12,080 Instead of the term network, I prefer the term Vildé sector. 394 00:25:12,420 --> 00:25:16,440 That is, several groups that are related to each other 395 00:25:16,640 --> 00:25:22,940 and who have in common that they work with Boris Vildé and with the people of the 396 00:25:23,140 --> 00:25:23,900 Musée de l'Homme. 397 00:25:24,520 --> 00:25:27,440 The first steps of this group in the nascent Resistance are necessarily 398 00:25:27,640 --> 00:25:28,400 awkward. 399 00:25:30,240 --> 00:25:33,680 It's Boris Vildé, with the ardour of his amateur commitment, who's about to make a mistake. 400 00:25:33,880 --> 00:25:34,900 a fatal mistake. 401 00:25:36,880 --> 00:25:40,340 He becomes infatuated with Albert Gaveau, the aviator who works for Nosek. 402 00:25:40,780 --> 00:25:44,280 Boris Vildé finds him very resourceful and makes him one of his liaison officers, 403 00:25:44,480 --> 00:25:48,160 which is obviously dramatic because a liaison officer, by definition, 404 00:25:48,360 --> 00:25:51,440 is someone who makes contact with the different groups. 405 00:25:51,820 --> 00:25:55,420 Boris Vildé has absolute confidence in himself, he's the one in charge. 406 00:25:55,620 --> 00:25:57,760 In reality, he is a double agent working for the SD. 407 00:25:58,580 --> 00:26:03,480 He's going to be behind the successive blows of the net that will decimate the 408 00:26:03,680 --> 00:26:06,680 groups around the Musée de l'Homme and in the heart of the Musée de l'Homme. 409 00:26:08,280 --> 00:26:11,760 Gaveau gave us the main indications and played a big role. 410 00:26:11,820 --> 00:26:13,340 in the dismantling of this group. 411 00:26:13,900 --> 00:26:16,600 But, when I realized that this affair was not within the competence 412 00:26:16,800 --> 00:26:20,440 the Gestapo, who dealt with it successfully. 413 00:26:20,640 --> 00:26:24,320 this case in collaboration with the GFP, the military secret police. 414 00:26:25,020 --> 00:26:28,740 Gaveau continued to work regularly with the Gestapo. 415 00:26:29,060 --> 00:26:31,940 The arrests took place in the spring of 1941. 416 00:26:33,180 --> 00:26:37,060 January 42, trial before the German military court in Paris. 417 00:26:37,980 --> 00:26:39,280 Trial and conviction. 418 00:26:39,740 --> 00:26:45,660 Extremely heavy sentence, death sentence for men 419 00:26:45,860 --> 00:26:49,380 and for women, women whose punishments are going to be commuted into punishments 420 00:26:49,580 --> 00:26:50,340 deportation. 421 00:26:50,540 --> 00:26:55,140 Yvonne Oddon, for example, Germaine Tillion deported to Ravensbrück 422 00:26:55,340 --> 00:26:58,380 and Agnès Humbert is going to be deported. 423 00:26:58,900 --> 00:27:03,640 The men are going to be shot on Mont Valérien, which you can see from the terrace. 424 00:27:03,840 --> 00:27:04,880 of the Musée de l'Homme. 425 00:27:09,040 --> 00:27:14,120 Located in Suresnes, six kilometres from Paris, le mont Valérien is a military fort. 426 00:27:14,880 --> 00:27:18,960 This is where the prisoners sentenced to death from their Parisian prisons were held, 427 00:27:19,260 --> 00:27:20,120 for the executions. 428 00:27:21,140 --> 00:27:25,340 It's about concentrating that, both for these executions to be 429 00:27:25,540 --> 00:27:29,400 massive and sufficiently dissuasive, and at the same time so as not to 430 00:27:29,600 --> 00:27:31,140 not spread them all over the territory. 431 00:27:38,980 --> 00:27:42,100 They have to be monitored places, that can be monitored all the time 432 00:27:42,300 --> 00:27:44,280 so that they don't become places of martyrs. 433 00:27:45,100 --> 00:27:48,700 The seven members of the Musée de l'Homme group are part of the more than 1 434 00:27:48,900 --> 00:27:52,980 000 men who were shot at Mont Valérien during the Nazi occupation between 435 00:27:53,180 --> 00:27:54,880 1941 and 1944. 436 00:27:58,820 --> 00:28:03,400 If Nosek's service pulls off big coups, it's because he's managed to infiltrate 437 00:28:03,600 --> 00:28:05,580 Parisian political and artistic elites. 438 00:28:06,600 --> 00:28:11,000 This is the heart of worldly collaboration embodied by the unavoidable figure, 439 00:28:11,260 --> 00:28:16,020 the queen of Paris, Josée Laval, daughter of Pierre Laval, number two 440 00:28:16,220 --> 00:28:16,980 of the regime. 441 00:28:19,060 --> 00:28:22,760 She is her father's showcase, her father's smile and elegance 442 00:28:22,960 --> 00:28:25,120 that her father unfortunately doesn't have. 443 00:28:26,040 --> 00:28:27,660 She creates a political image. 444 00:28:28,500 --> 00:28:30,180 Josée Laval is crazy about her father. 445 00:28:30,480 --> 00:28:32,860 She adores her father, he's her hero. 446 00:28:33,780 --> 00:28:36,180 His daughter was a pawn who served him. 447 00:28:36,660 --> 00:28:41,420 She was getting into circles where he didn't want to go and couldn't go. 448 00:28:42,300 --> 00:28:47,980 She was there to carry his image, his presence, and then reap a reward. 449 00:28:48,180 --> 00:28:49,660 information. 450 00:28:51,020 --> 00:28:55,660 While Parisians are short of everything, Josée Laval and her friends are occupying their 451 00:28:55,860 --> 00:28:59,720 time between the racecourse and choosing the cocktail dress for the evening. 452 00:29:01,480 --> 00:29:07,620 All day long, it's receptions, cocktails, elegance and parties. 453 00:29:08,420 --> 00:29:13,660 As a neighbour, Josée Laval frequents the place that symbolizes this collaboration. 454 00:29:13,860 --> 00:29:15,180 chic and carefree. 455 00:29:15,780 --> 00:29:19,080 This is the German embassy at 78 rue de Lille. 456 00:29:19,560 --> 00:29:23,740 The German embassy is the most important social centre during the Occupation. 457 00:29:24,360 --> 00:29:28,760 The credits are almost unlimited and the buffets are splendid. 458 00:29:29,040 --> 00:29:33,060 This is what we now call the after party, i.e. the second half of the evening. 459 00:29:33,260 --> 00:29:36,800 I think it was a place to see and be seen. 460 00:29:37,760 --> 00:29:40,800 I know very few people who have refused to go to the big parties 461 00:29:41,000 --> 00:29:42,080 at the German embassy. 462 00:29:43,240 --> 00:29:47,880 Otto Abetz, the ambassador, thanks to his French friendships in the 1930s, 463 00:29:48,400 --> 00:29:52,080 becomes the organizer of this Franco-German collaboration that looks like a 464 00:29:52,280 --> 00:29:53,040 reunion. 465 00:29:53,440 --> 00:29:56,640 Otto Abetz has a solid reputation as a Francophile. 466 00:29:56,840 --> 00:30:02,260 He is married to a Frenchwoman, he loves culture and everything that goes with it. 467 00:30:02,810 --> 00:30:05,860 And then, a certain sincerity that we attribute to him as far as 468 00:30:05,980 --> 00:30:08,000 Franco-German understanding is concerned. 469 00:30:08,200 --> 00:30:11,160 The French are going to bet a lot on the character. 470 00:30:11,500 --> 00:30:12,700 These are real friendships. 471 00:30:13,300 --> 00:30:16,720 That's the paradox and that's what bothers us most. 472 00:30:17,500 --> 00:30:20,980 It wasn't just opportunism. 473 00:30:21,560 --> 00:30:25,820 Something was created between these people because they're going to meet again afterwards 474 00:30:26,020 --> 00:30:26,780 the war. 475 00:30:27,020 --> 00:30:28,260 They're among themselves. 476 00:30:28,500 --> 00:30:31,800 It was their pre-war friends because we really campaigned for it 477 00:30:32,000 --> 00:30:35,680 a Franco-German rapprochement, which was immediately infiltrated by 478 00:30:35,780 --> 00:30:37,560 the Nazis as soon as the Nazis came to power. 479 00:30:37,760 --> 00:30:41,660 It's a great instrument of cultural penetration of a country that we wanted, 480 00:30:42,380 --> 00:30:44,900 perhaps not to conquer, but in any case to subjugate. 481 00:30:45,380 --> 00:30:49,740 Worldly collaboration, it was also to get to know these circles well, 482 00:30:50,180 --> 00:30:53,660 to try to influence them and give a good image of Germany. 483 00:30:54,180 --> 00:30:55,580 There is also an image policy. 484 00:30:56,100 --> 00:31:00,840 Many German agents want to make sure that this image of the German 485 00:31:01,040 --> 00:31:06,200 and the German world of '40 could perdurate in '41, even in '42, 486 00:31:06,400 --> 00:31:08,160 even in 43. 487 00:31:09,020 --> 00:31:13,160 I met Ambassador Otto Abetz immediately after my arrival in Paris. 488 00:31:13,360 --> 00:31:14,120 in June 40. 489 00:31:14,900 --> 00:31:18,400 I got the impression that he was to be regarded as an idealist who wanted to 490 00:31:18,600 --> 00:31:20,220 Franco-German cooperation. 491 00:31:21,220 --> 00:31:24,960 His biggest flaw was his friends, a real clique of sell-outs 492 00:31:25,160 --> 00:31:25,920 of the French people. 493 00:31:26,120 --> 00:31:29,160 His friends also frequent Josée Laval's cocktails . 494 00:31:31,320 --> 00:31:36,080 For me, she represents the extraordinary and sick figure of power. 495 00:31:36,480 --> 00:31:38,400 I think she didn't realize. 496 00:31:38,660 --> 00:31:43,240 At the same time, there's a frivolity that goes with very well-off people. 497 00:31:44,080 --> 00:31:45,980 That's what power brings. 498 00:31:46,560 --> 00:31:50,320 Power is sick and no longer legitimate. 499 00:31:51,400 --> 00:31:55,600 I think it's part of the illusion that there's a certain legitimacy. 500 00:31:55,800 --> 00:31:57,240 normality of life that goes on. 501 00:31:57,520 --> 00:32:02,300 For them, the Germans are a kind of lifeline and protection. 502 00:32:02,920 --> 00:32:05,340 They say to themselves: "Better the Germans than the communists". 503 00:32:06,660 --> 00:32:11,000 This off-the-ground society, living in Paris as if nothing or almost nothing had happened, 504 00:32:11,200 --> 00:32:16,040 goes out a lot to the theatre and to concerts, for the paradox of occupied Paris is 505 00:32:16,240 --> 00:32:18,480 to have known an exceptional cultural production. 506 00:32:19,080 --> 00:32:22,780 One reason for this: the instrumentalization of art and culture. 507 00:32:26,260 --> 00:32:31,220 It was important for the German occupiers not to appear as a troupe 508 00:32:31,420 --> 00:32:35,580 of uncultivated barbarians who had come from the East and destroyed a great 509 00:32:35,780 --> 00:32:36,540 civilization. 510 00:32:39,900 --> 00:32:44,240 On the contrary, they wanted to import German culture and show the 511 00:32:44,440 --> 00:32:46,200 what Germany had to offer. 512 00:32:50,680 --> 00:32:54,620 In the summer of 1941, Mozart Week was organized. 513 00:32:55,180 --> 00:32:56,200 There are free concerts. 514 00:32:57,260 --> 00:33:00,700 It's hard to believe, but in France they didn't play Mozart, 515 00:33:00,900 --> 00:33:02,880 we didn't give Mozart, we didn't listen to Mozart. 516 00:33:03,680 --> 00:33:07,520 Music would be like a third language that would be neither French nor English. 517 00:33:07,720 --> 00:33:08,480 or German. 518 00:33:09,640 --> 00:33:15,280 You make a considerable artistic moment which can be very beautiful, 519 00:33:16,200 --> 00:33:21,100 but at the same time, among the audience, you have the German officers. 520 00:33:21,380 --> 00:33:28,920 You get people used, at least the elites, to this German presence that becomes 521 00:33:29,120 --> 00:33:32,380 very acceptable, because in the end they give you pleasure. 522 00:33:33,140 --> 00:33:37,060 It was at the theatre that Josée Laval met her great friend during the war, 523 00:33:37,340 --> 00:33:38,100 Arletty. 524 00:33:38,580 --> 00:33:42,260 At the time, she was one of the most famous actresses in France and the symbol of her country. 525 00:33:42,460 --> 00:33:43,940 of an ambiguous social collaboration. 526 00:33:44,580 --> 00:33:48,360 If she did not make films for the Nazis, her passionate love affair with 527 00:33:48,560 --> 00:33:51,200 Hans Jürgen Soehring will be much talked about. 528 00:33:52,280 --> 00:33:55,380 Soehring is in Paris during the Occupation, but we don't really know what he's doing. 529 00:33:55,680 --> 00:33:58,980 He's around Laval's daughter, we don't really know, he's circling. 530 00:33:59,460 --> 00:34:03,280 And then he meets Arletty, which keeps him going. 531 00:34:03,480 --> 00:34:05,400 But what does he do all day? 532 00:34:05,600 --> 00:34:07,360 He's not just courting Arletty! 533 00:34:08,500 --> 00:34:13,140 As if the German government had sent some warmongers to seduce a certain Arletty. 534 00:34:13,260 --> 00:34:14,100 number of these ladies. 535 00:34:14,580 --> 00:34:18,980 He's trying to find representatives of good society, he's doing something else. 536 00:34:19,760 --> 00:34:21,480 Does he organize looting? 537 00:34:21,680 --> 00:34:25,500 If you know a certain number of members of the elite, you know very well 538 00:34:25,700 --> 00:34:30,300 where the treasures are and you are useful to the great chief, 539 00:34:30,500 --> 00:34:31,820 that is, Field Marshal Goering. 540 00:34:32,500 --> 00:34:36,720 For his part, Nosek, the Nazi spy, is delighted to be with all these people 541 00:34:36,920 --> 00:34:37,680 of the show. 542 00:34:38,960 --> 00:34:43,120 It was through Leandri, a Corsican who was a bit of a crook, that I got to know a few film stars. 543 00:34:43,320 --> 00:34:44,120 and French theatre. 544 00:34:44,600 --> 00:34:48,300 He was a close friend of Tino Rossi, whom I saw regularly, but who 545 00:34:48,320 --> 00:34:49,260 never asked me anything. 546 00:34:49,680 --> 00:34:52,280 Leandri did ask me to do Danielle Darrieux a favour. 547 00:34:54,200 --> 00:35:00,000 Nosek is intoxicated by this Parisian life which gives him access to celebrities, 548 00:35:00,200 --> 00:35:05,340 actresses, writers and film people he would never have had access to 549 00:35:05,540 --> 00:35:06,460 would normally have met. 550 00:35:07,140 --> 00:35:11,800 He's going to take on the role of the good German, i.e. the nice, open guy 551 00:35:12,880 --> 00:35:15,500 you can go to if you're in trouble and he'll fix you up. 552 00:35:15,700 --> 00:35:17,780 And Nosek will arrange a lot of hits. 553 00:35:18,880 --> 00:35:22,020 Danielle Darrieux came to boulevard Flandrin to beg me instantly. 554 00:35:22,220 --> 00:35:25,240 to release her fiancé, a diplomat from Saint-Domingue, 555 00:35:25,600 --> 00:35:26,360 Mr Rubirosa. 556 00:35:27,020 --> 00:35:28,140 I couldn't do anything for her. 557 00:35:28,580 --> 00:35:32,160 So she went to Berlin with other French artists to get 558 00:35:32,360 --> 00:35:33,460 her release. 559 00:35:33,660 --> 00:35:36,540 The train of shame on 19 March 1942. 560 00:35:37,120 --> 00:35:42,480 We see artists like Danielle Darrieux taking the train to Berlin, 561 00:35:43,340 --> 00:35:44,380 Suzy Delair, etc. 562 00:35:44,580 --> 00:35:52,160 She doesn't consider herself a collaborator and was very affected by this film. 563 00:35:53,180 --> 00:35:55,420 This film showed what was true. 564 00:35:55,620 --> 00:35:57,820 Somehow there was this worldly collaboration. 565 00:35:58,260 --> 00:36:01,280 In a way, Danielle Darrieux was part of this social collaboration. 566 00:36:01,700 --> 00:36:04,100 What the film doesn't show, is that Danielle Darrieux, 567 00:36:04,460 --> 00:36:06,478 if she goes to Germany, it's not necessarily 568 00:36:06,478 --> 00:36:08,580 on the same wavelength as other artists. 569 00:36:08,780 --> 00:36:13,200 It's part of a deal where she wants to try to save her fiancé. 570 00:36:13,400 --> 00:36:19,420 And indeed, thanks to this trip, her fiancé, to Germany, 571 00:36:21,040 --> 00:36:22,120 is freed. 572 00:36:23,320 --> 00:36:25,960 Everyone has their motivations. 573 00:36:26,520 --> 00:36:29,220 Leandri also asked me to look after Maurice Chevalier. 574 00:36:29,600 --> 00:36:32,900 At the time, he was having great trouble with his mistress, Nita Raya. 575 00:36:33,320 --> 00:36:36,600 This girl was a dancer at the Casino de Paris and she was Jewish. 576 00:36:37,040 --> 00:36:40,880 Chevalier asked me to protect her and I did it without asking anything in return. 577 00:36:41,080 --> 00:36:41,840 back. 578 00:36:42,040 --> 00:36:44,140 Maurice Chevalier went into hiding at the Liberation. 579 00:36:44,560 --> 00:36:49,040 This is an illustration of French ambiguity and ambivalence. 580 00:36:49,440 --> 00:36:53,300 He recorded the broadcasts on Radio Paris, the Nazi propaganda radio. 581 00:36:53,900 --> 00:36:57,200 But on the other hand, he goes to Germany to sing in a prison camp. 582 00:36:57,400 --> 00:36:59,480 and manages to free some of them. 583 00:37:00,000 --> 00:37:04,380 In 44, a tribunal in Algiers sentenced him to death in absentia. 584 00:37:04,760 --> 00:37:05,720 for collaboration. 585 00:37:06,320 --> 00:37:07,500 He will eventually be cleared. 586 00:37:12,220 --> 00:37:16,520 Nosek's friends, including the famous Leandri, also frequent the Montmartre hoodlums. 587 00:37:17,240 --> 00:37:20,080 We came to have fun in the cabarets which never stopped opening. 588 00:37:20,740 --> 00:37:21,700 The customers have changed. 589 00:37:21,880 --> 00:37:24,260 You can find everything here that you can't find in Germany anymore. 590 00:37:24,580 --> 00:37:27,080 Drugs, alcohol, prostitutes. 591 00:37:32,080 --> 00:37:36,480 Montmartre and Place Pigalle are a compendium of clichés of Paris. 592 00:37:36,680 --> 00:37:37,440 in Germany. 593 00:37:40,520 --> 00:37:44,800 If Paris is the city of love and desire, then Montmartre truly is. 594 00:37:45,000 --> 00:37:46,860 the heart of it, and you know that very quickly. 595 00:37:50,300 --> 00:37:53,700 Montmartre is also a place where drug dealers and informers meet, 596 00:37:53,900 --> 00:37:55,480 SS officers and spies. 597 00:37:56,120 --> 00:37:58,540 It's especially the reign of the underworld and Corsican mobsters. 598 00:37:59,520 --> 00:38:04,000 The Montmartre underworld is more like the lower-class black market. 599 00:38:04,880 --> 00:38:09,120 The occupant theoretically has no right to do business directly. 600 00:38:09,320 --> 00:38:14,960 with the occupied country, so there are a lot of intermediaries who show up. 601 00:38:15,160 --> 00:38:18,800 It's a world where what was forbidden has become allowed. 602 00:38:19,780 --> 00:38:22,360 Everyone has a nickname and is called by first names. 603 00:38:22,900 --> 00:38:25,920 I think it's a time when everything the world has gone a bit crazy. 604 00:38:26,680 --> 00:38:30,220 Everyone is meeting at Alexis's place on rue Notre-Dame-de-Lorette, 605 00:38:30,460 --> 00:38:31,220 a Corsican. 606 00:38:33,060 --> 00:38:36,560 Alexis Pierre (Lovisi) was the owner of a small, well-known restaurant in 607 00:38:36,760 --> 00:38:38,020 Montmartre even before the war. 608 00:38:38,820 --> 00:38:40,800 I met him towards the end of 1940. 609 00:38:41,680 --> 00:38:42,900 I liked his little restaurant. 610 00:38:43,100 --> 00:38:46,600 We ate well there and met a lot of people, artists of all kinds. 611 00:38:46,800 --> 00:38:49,360 categories, men of the middle, politicians. 612 00:38:50,580 --> 00:38:52,000 It's an interesting place for him. 613 00:38:52,600 --> 00:38:57,060 At Alexis's, you find all the people who count in Paris, former ministers 614 00:38:57,340 --> 00:38:59,400 and former members of parliament. 615 00:39:00,720 --> 00:39:04,880 It's at Alexis' that he's going to meet Jacques Doriot, the head of the PPF. 616 00:39:05,680 --> 00:39:09,060 I met Jacques Doriot in the autumn of 1940. 617 00:39:09,620 --> 00:39:13,740 I tried to use his party, the PPF, to get information. 618 00:39:13,940 --> 00:39:14,700 information. 619 00:39:15,080 --> 00:39:18,900 I think he's the only party leader collaborationist with anything 620 00:39:19,100 --> 00:39:21,920 solid behind him and I subsidized right away. 621 00:39:25,060 --> 00:39:26,100 Doriot is a politician. 622 00:39:26,660 --> 00:39:30,560 He was number two in the Communist Party and later founded his own party 623 00:39:30,760 --> 00:39:32,960 on a fascist line, the PPF. 624 00:39:33,900 --> 00:39:38,220 He turns completely to the extreme right and becomes, I would say, pro-Nazi. 625 00:39:38,740 --> 00:39:42,860 What Doriot and the Parti populaire français want is civil war. 626 00:39:43,320 --> 00:39:45,500 Settling scores with the Communist Party. 627 00:39:45,880 --> 00:39:48,060 Jacques Doriot will always demand a place in the government. 628 00:39:48,260 --> 00:39:54,960 He will also quite often profess his loyalty to the Marshal for 629 00:39:55,160 --> 00:39:59,000 the better to attack the government, especially Pierre Laval, to demand 630 00:39:59,200 --> 00:40:03,660 replacement and aspire to a place at the head of a French government. 631 00:40:04,380 --> 00:40:07,320 Doriot has supporters, thousands of supporters and tens of thousands 632 00:40:07,520 --> 00:40:08,280 supporters. 633 00:40:08,420 --> 00:40:10,940 He has people in all walks of life, Doriot supporters in the army. 634 00:40:11,000 --> 00:40:13,180 There are some in the police, in the press, in industry. 635 00:40:13,300 --> 00:40:15,540 It's absolutely everywhere and there are some all over France. 636 00:40:15,740 --> 00:40:17,020 There are even in North Africa. 637 00:40:17,220 --> 00:40:22,120 All these people, if you frame them, can provide intelligence and 638 00:40:22,320 --> 00:40:24,320 work usefully for the SD. 639 00:40:25,640 --> 00:40:28,800 But Roland Nosek's financial support is not disinterested. 640 00:40:29,620 --> 00:40:34,620 Himmler wants to obtain as much political information as possible from his SS in Paris. 641 00:40:34,820 --> 00:40:38,960 and police information for his Gestapo as part of his relentless fight against the 642 00:40:39,160 --> 00:40:39,920 enemies of the Reich. 643 00:40:40,700 --> 00:40:45,560 He pays dearly and wants results, but the PPF men are not at 644 00:40:45,760 --> 00:40:49,780 and Nosek is annoyed at the amateurism of Doriot's spies. 645 00:40:51,500 --> 00:40:56,240 In the end I only received two kinds of reports from Doriot and his PPF. 646 00:40:56,680 --> 00:41:00,080 Insignificant police tips, arms caches or stories 647 00:41:00,280 --> 00:41:01,040 communists. 648 00:41:01,600 --> 00:41:05,500 I passed it on to the Gestapo and quite often, the feedback was that either it wasn't 649 00:41:05,700 --> 00:41:08,180 not precise, or it was completely made up. 650 00:41:11,220 --> 00:41:15,880 Real ineffectiveness or a manoeuvre to clear Doriot and his men after the event? 651 00:41:16,080 --> 00:41:19,760 In any case, the support will last until the end of the war and death 652 00:41:19,960 --> 00:41:22,000 of the head of the PPF in 44 in Germany. 653 00:41:24,960 --> 00:41:28,860 The happy days of the collaborationists would not last until the famous 654 00:41:29,060 --> 00:41:30,000 year 1944. 655 00:41:31,020 --> 00:41:34,440 For their Nazi partners, things have been going seriously wrong since 656 00:41:34,640 --> 00:41:36,960 the defeat at Stalingrad in early 1943. 657 00:41:38,160 --> 00:41:41,760 By the end of the year, Hitler and his Wehrmacht generals knew that he had to get out of the war. 658 00:41:41,960 --> 00:41:43,120 Paris would have to be evacuated. 659 00:41:44,400 --> 00:41:48,500 It's out of the question for them to leave the compromised French politicians behind 660 00:41:48,700 --> 00:41:49,460 them. 661 00:41:49,920 --> 00:41:53,800 In '44, the liberation of Paris becomes an issue on all sides. 662 00:41:54,360 --> 00:41:57,760 On the French side, someone has to be found for the post-Vichy period. 663 00:41:58,960 --> 00:42:02,640 Why not, in a last chance manoeuvre, reunite the Assembly? 664 00:42:02,840 --> 00:42:08,280 and take up the Third Republic where we left off? 665 00:42:08,480 --> 00:42:13,600 Pierre Laval understands, perhaps belatedly, that Hitler is going to lose the war. 666 00:42:16,120 --> 00:42:20,500 Not only is he going to lose the war, but that very soon the Allies and 667 00:42:20,880 --> 00:42:22,340 resistance fighters will be in Paris. 668 00:42:22,540 --> 00:42:24,600 He's trying to save his skin. 669 00:42:25,080 --> 00:42:28,240 What Laval wants, at some point, is to hand over power. 670 00:42:28,540 --> 00:42:30,940 He doesn't want to hand it over to de Gaulle because it's impossible. 671 00:42:31,320 --> 00:42:36,120 If you find someone who hasn't been compromised, you'll give it to him. 672 00:42:36,320 --> 00:42:39,000 and then they'll work it out. 673 00:42:39,200 --> 00:42:41,200 But he will have done his job to the end. 674 00:42:41,400 --> 00:42:42,660 That's what he really thinks. 675 00:42:43,760 --> 00:42:45,920 Édouard Herriot was the President of the Chamber of Deputies. 676 00:42:46,420 --> 00:42:51,400 Why not have Herriot be head of the welcoming government? 677 00:42:51,600 --> 00:42:52,360 the Americans? 678 00:42:53,360 --> 00:42:57,760 Of course, in Laval's mind, Herriot might be a shield for 679 00:42:57,960 --> 00:43:03,280 - all those who had made mistakes - dare I say it? 680 00:43:03,480 --> 00:43:04,240 camp. 681 00:43:04,440 --> 00:43:08,540 Édouard Herriot is the only one who can constitutionally - as if one 682 00:43:08,740 --> 00:43:12,240 the Assembly. 683 00:43:13,280 --> 00:43:17,240 He's in pretty bad shape, under house arrest in a clinic 684 00:43:17,440 --> 00:43:18,500 clinic near Nancy. 685 00:43:20,960 --> 00:43:25,560 It was decided that President Laval should leave for Nancy to bring back 686 00:43:25,760 --> 00:43:27,880 Herriot back to Paris and that I should escort him. 687 00:43:29,020 --> 00:43:31,780 A car with SS men was to accompany us. 688 00:43:33,080 --> 00:43:36,240 When we arrived in Nancy, I saw that Herriot and his wife were very happy to see us. 689 00:43:36,440 --> 00:43:37,200 to go to Paris. 690 00:43:37,720 --> 00:43:42,040 On 13 August, Herriot with Madame and the dog were installed at the prefecture 691 00:43:42,240 --> 00:43:43,000 of the Seine. 692 00:43:43,560 --> 00:43:45,020 He was extremely clever, Herriot. 693 00:43:45,680 --> 00:43:48,640 He let Laval speak and didn't really accept anything. 694 00:43:48,840 --> 00:43:50,000 He left some distance. 695 00:43:50,200 --> 00:43:51,100 He found an argument. 696 00:43:51,820 --> 00:43:54,780 He said it would take the reunion of what was called under the Third 697 00:43:54,980 --> 00:43:58,240 Republic the National Assembly, i.e. both chambers, 698 00:43:58,300 --> 00:43:59,700 the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. 699 00:43:59,900 --> 00:44:03,340 Now, it is the President of the Senate, Jules Jeanneney, who is the President 700 00:44:03,540 --> 00:44:06,400 of the National Assembly when the two meet. 701 00:44:06,680 --> 00:44:08,560 Jeanneney is the one to talk to. 702 00:44:08,920 --> 00:44:10,100 Jeanneney is nowhere to be found. 703 00:44:11,840 --> 00:44:13,300 Obviously, he's suspicious. 704 00:44:14,200 --> 00:44:19,400 He's realised that he's more of a hostage than a... 705 00:44:19,600 --> 00:44:21,500 It's actually illegal. 706 00:44:22,280 --> 00:44:27,040 Everything that may seem like an incredible masquerade today is an attempt 707 00:44:27,240 --> 00:44:29,200 to renew the threads of the ordinary. 708 00:44:30,120 --> 00:44:34,840 On 16 August, Laval and Ambassador Abetz attempt to convince Herriot, 709 00:44:35,040 --> 00:44:39,040 to return to his clinic. 710 00:44:39,660 --> 00:44:43,880 Which he will do before being deported to Potsdam, Germany, where he will stay for the rest of his life. 711 00:44:43,980 --> 00:44:45,200 until the end of the war. 712 00:44:48,160 --> 00:44:50,980 A few days later, the arrival of the Americans in Paris is 713 00:44:51,180 --> 00:44:54,340 and the insurrection led by the Resistance is in full swing. 714 00:44:57,960 --> 00:45:03,940 It is only at the moment of the breakthrough of the Allied forces on Normandy at Avranches 715 00:45:04,620 --> 00:45:07,620 that things started to get dramatic in Paris. 716 00:45:11,320 --> 00:45:14,500 Especially for troop transport and fuel supplies. 717 00:45:18,560 --> 00:45:23,740 We saw people in a state of fever who would do anything to do 718 00:45:23,940 --> 00:45:24,700 something. 719 00:45:25,080 --> 00:45:33,540 You could see the Sully bridge and the FFI running across the bridge, bent in half and armed. 720 00:45:34,620 --> 00:45:37,760 In our neighbourhood, militiamen were shooting from the rooftops. 721 00:45:38,860 --> 00:45:43,920 When we passed through the streets, we stayed along a wall because at least, 722 00:45:44,120 --> 00:45:45,920 you avoided the roof opposite. 723 00:45:46,880 --> 00:45:48,220 There was still fear. 724 00:45:50,940 --> 00:45:54,100 German civilians and many services have already left. 725 00:45:54,760 --> 00:45:55,520 The troops are left. 726 00:45:56,140 --> 00:46:00,100 On 9 August, a new general is sent to Paris to resist at all costs. 727 00:46:00,800 --> 00:46:01,820 This is his last mission. 728 00:46:02,500 --> 00:46:04,400 His name is von Choltitz. 729 00:46:04,800 --> 00:46:11,280 On 20 August, Hitler sent the order to defend Paris without considering for 730 00:46:11,480 --> 00:46:13,900 possible destruction of the capital. 731 00:46:16,560 --> 00:46:19,120 But three days later, Hitler changes his mind. 732 00:46:19,700 --> 00:46:24,000 On the 23rd, he orders that Paris will only fall to the enemy in a state of total destruction. 733 00:46:24,200 --> 00:46:24,960 field of ruin. 734 00:46:28,940 --> 00:46:33,900 If all is lost, if we are the last sacrificial victims and if 735 00:46:34,100 --> 00:46:37,740 - the German Reich is to be destroyed - which he had no doubt it would be, 736 00:46:37,940 --> 00:46:41,580 nothing else admirable must survive in Europe. 737 00:46:46,880 --> 00:46:48,800 We're going to destroy everything with us. 738 00:46:49,520 --> 00:46:51,860 It's the idea of collective collapse. 739 00:46:55,520 --> 00:46:59,800 Yes, there is a great enigma about the destruction of Paris. 740 00:47:00,380 --> 00:47:04,200 It was planned to destroy Paris like other cities have been destroyed before. 741 00:47:04,400 --> 00:47:07,100 and there would be nothing left of the former great French power. 742 00:47:07,440 --> 00:47:08,980 We destroy France before we leave. 743 00:47:09,500 --> 00:47:13,820 Von Choltitz doesn't feel like doing anything, but he doesn't want to 744 00:47:14,020 --> 00:47:16,360 surrender without a fight. 745 00:47:18,300 --> 00:47:21,400 Around August 23, all roads in Paris were blocked 746 00:47:21,600 --> 00:47:22,880 and fire was coming from all sides. 747 00:47:24,060 --> 00:47:26,700 The bells of Notre-Dame announced the arrival of the Americans. 748 00:47:27,360 --> 00:47:31,180 This is where it was learned that von Choltitz would deal with the FFI about a 749 00:47:31,380 --> 00:47:32,140 surrender. 750 00:47:36,960 --> 00:47:40,340 Von Choltitz undermines bridges and other major monuments with the means at his disposal. 751 00:47:40,540 --> 00:47:42,460 but he can't do more than that. 752 00:47:42,660 --> 00:47:44,620 Not enough to blow up Paris. 753 00:47:45,100 --> 00:47:48,051 Night bombing is impossible, it would kill people 754 00:47:48,051 --> 00:47:49,720 the remaining German soldiers. 755 00:47:50,340 --> 00:47:54,540 The general simply cannot technically obey Hitler's order. 756 00:47:54,740 --> 00:47:57,180 and he doesn't see the strategic military point of it. 757 00:47:57,720 --> 00:48:01,440 We don't know what this guy thinks. 758 00:48:01,860 --> 00:48:05,080 It's quite clear that von Choltitz never had any intention of doing so. 759 00:48:05,280 --> 00:48:06,300 to do that. 760 00:48:06,960 --> 00:48:09,740 Not because he loves Paris, but because he knew it was a 761 00:48:09,940 --> 00:48:14,200 war crime and that there had already been first trials with convictions 762 00:48:14,400 --> 00:48:17,620 war criminals to death by Allied courts. 763 00:48:18,100 --> 00:48:22,080 Von Choltitz realizes above all that he does not have the means to destroy Paris, 764 00:48:22,460 --> 00:48:28,020 he saves Paris more out of impotence than will . 765 00:48:28,300 --> 00:48:32,040 But then he uses it to save himself. 766 00:48:32,820 --> 00:48:39,300 We have to save his image once he's a prisoner. 767 00:48:40,880 --> 00:48:44,440 Paris was liberated and didn't burn as Hitler demanded, 768 00:48:45,240 --> 00:48:46,960 but Von Choltitz had nothing to do with it. 769 00:48:47,940 --> 00:48:55,100 Paris was saved neither by the FFI alone, nor by Nordling alone, nor by Von Choltitz 770 00:48:55,300 --> 00:48:57,680 nor by the 2nd armoured division alone. 771 00:48:58,480 --> 00:48:59,840 It's all four together. 772 00:49:00,220 --> 00:49:02,980 Obviously, American troops, that's important. 773 00:49:03,280 --> 00:49:05,080 The balance of power is very important. 774 00:49:06,520 --> 00:49:11,400 There was a bombing raid on Paris on 26 August, the day after the surrender. 775 00:49:11,600 --> 00:49:12,360 of the Germans. 776 00:49:12,940 --> 00:49:14,080 Nobody ever talks about it. 777 00:49:15,520 --> 00:49:18,960 It was during the last bombing of Paris, at the time of the Liberation, 778 00:49:20,440 --> 00:49:24,660 when the Germans were bombing in all directions, and we knew that they were 779 00:49:24,860 --> 00:49:25,720 would do that anywhere. 780 00:49:26,620 --> 00:49:31,880 In other cases, you'd think if it was the Americans or the Allies, 781 00:49:32,080 --> 00:49:37,140 generally speaking, they would target and try to spare some of the 782 00:49:37,340 --> 00:49:38,100 of the population. 783 00:49:38,300 --> 00:49:41,500 There, we knew it might be a massacre. 784 00:49:42,020 --> 00:49:47,360 When we came up from the cellar, we were in Place des Vosges and the sky 785 00:49:47,560 --> 00:49:49,220 was completely red. 786 00:49:50,100 --> 00:49:52,040 Pure Luftwaffe revenge. 787 00:49:52,800 --> 00:49:57,040 120 aircraft departed from Belgium, more than 700 injured, hundreds of 788 00:49:57,240 --> 00:49:59,500 and the southern districts of Paris devastated. 789 00:50:01,580 --> 00:50:05,200 The chaos of the Liberation precipitates the fate of the last Nazis in Paris. 790 00:50:05,880 --> 00:50:09,080 They are taken prisoner or flee as best they can. 791 00:50:10,740 --> 00:50:13,280 All our services collapsed in August 1944. 792 00:50:13,920 --> 00:50:17,180 The retreat was to the east of France, then to Germany. 793 00:50:17,960 --> 00:50:21,280 I stayed in Belfort for a few days and went home, 794 00:50:21,500 --> 00:50:22,440 in Constance. 795 00:50:24,240 --> 00:50:28,760 But, around March 1945, Nosek will go back on duty. 796 00:50:29,160 --> 00:50:33,600 His reputation, in inverted commas, as a good German and a guy who makes 797 00:50:33,800 --> 00:50:36,520 services is known, obviously. 798 00:50:37,700 --> 00:50:42,360 In 1945, when General de Gaulle's niece was interned in a 799 00:50:42,560 --> 00:50:46,840 concentration camp and her life was feared, the French intelligence services 800 00:50:47,040 --> 00:50:48,440 contact Nosek. 801 00:50:48,900 --> 00:50:54,520 It is Nosek who will act as intermediary and allow Geneviève to be freed. 802 00:50:54,720 --> 00:50:55,480 de Gaulle. 803 00:50:55,680 --> 00:50:58,780 On the strength of his successful mission, Roland Nosek wants to surrender to the French, 804 00:50:59,060 --> 00:51:01,180 but only to secret service officers. 805 00:51:01,380 --> 00:51:04,560 It was he who in turn requested these officers. 806 00:51:05,440 --> 00:51:09,660 He told them: "The war is over and lost for Germany. 807 00:51:09,860 --> 00:51:13,100 I'm a Francophile, I don't consider myself a war criminal. 808 00:51:13,940 --> 00:51:21,040 I did my duty for my country and I wish to work for France". 809 00:51:21,300 --> 00:51:22,570 It is therefore quite likely 810 00:51:22,570 --> 00:51:25,040 that he worked for the French intelligence services. 811 00:51:27,800 --> 00:51:30,700 We don't have an answer to that today. 812 00:51:30,900 --> 00:51:37,680 The answer is in the DGSE archives, so maybe we'll get it one day. 813 00:51:39,120 --> 00:51:43,000 After the 60s, nobody knows what became of him.